This Practice Note considers the concept of ‘private’ deprivations of liberty for the purposes of Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It deals with situations where the state may be held responsible for a deprivation of liberty even though the relevant care or treatment has not been arranged and funded by the state but by private persons—for instance, care services might have been directly arranged by the person’s own family and paid for from the person’s funds or funds provided by family in a hospital, care home or domestic setting. It clarifies the powers and duties of the state arising from Article 5, relevant case law and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. It also covers the Mental Capacity (Amendment) Act 2019.